step one.dos Semantic Interactions

Immediately following senses was identified (and you will whenever they may be identified that have a reasonable amount of confidence), the type of relationship one to can be acquired between the two has to be centered. The most famous category out-of semantic relationships is provided on community off historic semantics, that is, brand new code always explain synchronic relationships ranging from word definitions is simply the just like the newest language accustomed define diachronic change out of meaning. From the simplest situation, if experience good was synchronically about sense b by metonymy, upcoming a system regarding metonymy possess acted diachronically to increase feel a toward feel b: diachronic elements regarding semasiological alter reappear synchronically since semantic interactions among term definitions.

The desktop together with stored things, or even the mouse therefore the pointer, features a love regarding real-community connectedness that’s usually captured by the concept of ‘contiguity

The newest four earliest sizes are specialization, generalization, metaphor, and you may metonymy (demonstrated here, from a good diachronic direction, given that elements as opposed to synchronic connections). When it comes to semantic expertise, brand new meaning are a limitation of your own dated meaning: brand new meaning try an effective subcase of dated. Classical examples of specialization is actually corn (to start with a pay-name for everybody kinds of grains, now official to ‘wheat’ inside England, so you’re able to ‘oats’ when you look at the Scotland, and to ‘maize’ in the us), starve (swinging out-of ‘so you can die’ so you can ‘to help you perish from hunger’), and you will queen (to begin with ‘girlfriend, woman,’ now restricted to ‘king’s wife, otherwise girls sovereign’). Types of generalization try moon (mostly the latest world’s satellite, however, offered to the world’s satellite), and you can French arriver (and that to start with implied ‘to arrive the newest river’s coast, to help you embank,’ however, and that now means ‘to reach a destination’ typically). There’s a lot out of terminological type regarding the specialization and generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you will ‘narrowing’ off definition equal ‘specialty,’ if you’re ‘extension,’ ‘schematization,’ and ‘broadening’ out-of meaning equal ‘generalization.’ As well as, new meanings in it can probably be said to help you amuse affairs out dating4disabled pÅ™ihlásit of taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: from inside the good taxonomy (a tree-such as hierarchical category) off maxims, the specialized meaning was subordinate for the first one to, whereas brand new general meaning are superordinate pertaining to the original.

Such as specialization and you may generalization, it is smoother and you may regular introducing metaphor and you will metonymy with her, while the matchmaking is not as intimate as with the brand new former pair. (More about metaphor and metonymy employs in the section step one.6, “Abstract Metaphor and you may Metonymy.”) Metaphor is then said to be considering a love from resemblance amongst the old plus the the latest studying, and you can metonymy on the a love away from contiguity. Newest computers words efficiency types of one another designs. New desktop computer of your computer display, as an instance, is not the same as the pc of one’s office table-other than in both cases, this is the space (an exact place in one single situation, a virtual one out of the other) where you position a good amount of items that you regularly have fun with or one urgently you want attract. The computer pc, simply put, is not virtually a desktop computer regarding the fresh experience, it keeps a working resemblance into the amazing: the system discovering try good metaphorical extension of the brand new place of work chairs studying. Practical parallels plus underlie metaphorical words particularly bookmark, clipboard, document, folder, clipped, and you will paste. Mouse, likewise, is even metaphorically passionate, but here, the new metaphorical similarity comes to shape rather than means. The good news is think an announcement on the perception that your particular desktop will keep you hectic for another 14 days, otherwise that you inquire aloud where your mouse went when you’re trying to get the tip with the monitor. In such cases, pc and mouse can be used metonymically. Regarding previous case, it is not this new virtual room therefore that is relevant, although products that is actually stored around. From the second circumstances, it isn’t the latest mouse as such (the point that you hold on the hand) which you consider, however the pointer toward monitor that’s work of the mouse. ‘ Whenever, including, one to products a complete package, it is not the newest bottle but simply its material that will be consumed: container are often used to make reference to a certain sort of container, as well as the (spatially contiguous) belongings in you to basket. When lexical semanticians declare that metonymical transform derive from contiguity, contiguity really should not be understood from inside the a slim sense since it comes down in order to spatial proximity only, but significantly more generally as a standard term a variety of connectivity during the brand new spatial, temporal, or causal domain.